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- WORLD, Page 30WEST GERMANYOn Second Thought
-
-
- A tale of intrigue and deceit unfolds over Libya's chemical-arms
- plant
-
-
- The turnaround may not have been quite 180 degrees, but it
- was close enough -- and sudden enough -- to qualify as a mighty
- abrupt about-face. After first insisting that his government
- could find nothing to substantiate U.S. charges that West
- German companies helped the Libyans build a chemical-weapons
- factory in the desert outside Tripoli, Chancellor Helmut Kohl
- last week admitted that Washington might, after all, know what
- it was talking about. He changed his mind, Kohl said, after the
- government examined "certain documents" that had been "seized in
- the past few days." As prosecutors opened a criminal
- investigation of the West German firm Imhausen-Chemie and the
- case produced its first arrest, the growing scandal profoundly
- embarrassed the West German government and underscored once
- again the difficulty of controlling the development of chemical
- weapons.
-
- The day before Kohl's admission, delegates from 149 nations
- concluded a meeting in Paris aimed at extending the 1925 Geneva
- Protocol, which bans the use -- but not the production and
- stockpiling -- of chemical weapons. The diplomats made all the
- right noises about the need to rid the world of poisonous gases,
- but in the end did little more than reaffirm the protocol. While
- the delegates expressed "serious concern at recent violations"
- of the protocol, they did not even specifically condemn Iraq and
- Iran, whose use of toxic weapons in the gulf war helped bring
- about the Paris conference.
-
- U.S. officials had no trouble understanding why Kohl would
- refrain from moving against a West German company until
- Washington backed up its charges with solid evidence. What
- mystified the Administration was why West German officials
- stoutly denied the charges when the country's own intelligence
- agency had offered them evidence of Imhausen-Chemie's
- complicity as early as last October. Whatever the reason for
- Bonn's foot-dragging, the U.S. welcomed the change of tune.
- "The objective now is to let the Germans climb down without
- further embarrassment," said a senior White House official. "We
- want to prevent further shipment of German equipment and
- further participation of German personnel. We're persuaded that
- without them the plant will never go into production."
-
- By early 1987 U.S. intelligence officials had become
- concerned that Libya's mercurial leader, Colonel Muammar
- Gaddafi, was developing a chemical-weapons capability. By
- mid-1987 U.S. analysts were convinced that a facility at Rabta,
- 50 miles southwest of Tripoli, which began showing up in
- satellite photos in 1985, was indeed a chemical-weapons plant.
- Code-named "Pharma-150" by the Libyans, the plant was built
- under tight security conditions, with a 1,300-man force of
- cheap labor imported from Thailand. Foreign consultants entered
- the country without visas and left no hotel or other records of
- their stay in Libya.
-
- One important piece of evidence pointing to the
- participation of West German firms was obtained last August
- when U.S. intelligence intercepted telephone conversations
- between Libyan plant operators and officials of Imhausen-Chemie,
- which has its headquarters in the Black Forest town of Lahr. The
- calls reportedly took place after a toxic spill resulted from
- a bungled attempt by the Libyans to manufacture a test quantity
- of chemical-weapons material at the still uncompleted plant. In a
- frantic effort to get advice on cleaning up and repairing the
- plant, Libyan officials spoke at length with Imhausen-Chemie
- personnel. Those conversations left no doubt that employees of
- the West German firm were just as aware as the Libyans that the
- plant was being used to produce toxic gas.
-
- Kohl's sudden turnabout last week touched off a rash of
- inquiries in West Germany to establish who knew what and when.
- On Friday government spokesman Friedhelm Ost said the country's
- intelligence agency had given Bonn in mid-October "serious
- information" about Imhausen's possible role in the Libyan
- project. Whether or not Kohl received those details, he was
- definitely informed about the U.S. case against Imhausen when he
- visited Washington in mid-November. Says Deputy Assistant
- Secretary of State Charles Thomas: "When Kohl left here, he was
- absolutely convinced." A Kohl adviser was not quite as sweeping
- but admitted, "He heard the name and had it in his notes when he
- returned."
-
- But the West German Finance Ministry did not even begin an
- audit of Imhausen until the U.S. stepped up its pressure on Bonn
- around Christmas. The delay occurred, says Ost, because "some
- things have to be pursued in a discreet manner." Discretion,
- however, quickly gave way to finger pointing. Press reports
- obviously based on leaks from U.S. officials began appearing on
- New Year's Day. The next day, through a spokesman, Bonn issued
- the first of several denials, claiming that "we have no evidence
- so far that German firms or persons have been involved" in the
- Libyan project.
-
- West German officials may have dug in their heels in part
- because of what they called "a media campaign" in the U.S. Bonn
- took special umbrage at a New York Times column by William
- Safire calling the desert chemical plant
- "Auschwitz-in-the-sand."
-
- At last week's Paris conference, U.S. Secretary of State
- George Shultz met with his West German counterpart,
- Hans-Dietrich Genscher, and offered to provide a panel of West
- German officials with a full intelligence briefing in
- Washington. Perhaps seizing on that proposal as a diplomatic
- way to take a new tack, Genscher agreed not only to send such
- a delegation but also to tighten West Germany's notoriously
- loose regulations governing the export of potentially dangerous
- products, including chemicals. Two days later Bonn announced
- plans to increase the number of customer nations whose
- purchases are monitored and to impose more stringent reporting
- requirements for exporting firms.
-
- Bonn's denials also began to erode in the face of a series
- of embarrassing disclosures in the West German press. The most
- detailed appeared last Thursday in the weekly Stern, which
- traced the Libyan project to I.B.I. Engineering, a now defunct
- firm. I.B.I. had set up an office in Frankfurt through which
- the firm's chief, an exiled Iraqi arms merchant named Ihsan
- Barbouti, 64, orchestrated the involvement of Imhausen and as
- many as 30 other firms and individuals from West Germany,
- Switzerland and Austria. At least some of the equipment shipped
- to Libya was ostensibly purchased by I.B.I. for a Hong Kong
- firm called Pen-Tsao, which has a Hamburg subsidiary founded by
- Imhausen's president, Jurgen Hippenstiel-Imhausen. Earlier,
- Hippenstiel-Imhausen had not only denied any involvement in the
- project but gone so far as to say, "I don't even know where
- (Libya) is."
-
- Other West German press reports led to Joseph Gedopt, 44,
- managing director of an Antwerp shipping company named Cross
- Link Group. Last week, acting on information supplied by West
- German customs officials, Belgian authorities arrested Gedopt
- for falsifying bills of lading on a shipment of Imhausen
- equipment that left Germany addressed to Pen-Tsao in Hong Kong
- but was later diverted to Libya through Antwerp. Gedopt
- reportedly admitted making many such diversions, for Imhausen
- and other companies, but denied knowing that any shipments he
- handled had been destined for a chemical-weapons facility.
-
- Even Libya, while continuing to claim that the huge desert
- plant was built strictly as a pharmaceutical facility, had a
- small role in documenting West Germany's participation in the
- project. The Libyan Ambassador to the United Nations, Ali
- Treiki, confirmed that West German firms "did help us, not only
- in this plant, in other plants also."
-
- International negotiations on chemical weapons are scheduled
- to resume in Geneva under United Nations auspices on Feb. 7.
- George Bush, for one, promised last week to make control of such
- arms a major foreign policy objective of his Administration. As
- the controversy over the Libyan facility vividly demonstrates,
- however, controlling the behavior of a terrorist state -- and
- of Western firms willing to do business with such countries --
- is not easy.
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